Abazimya umuriro bakoresha ifuro ry’amazi rituma filime ikora (AFFF) kugira ngo bafashe kuzimya inkongi zigoye kurwanya, cyane cyane inkongi zikoresha peteroli cyangwa ibindi bintu bishobora gushya bizwi nka umuriro wo mu cyiciro cya B. Ariko, si ifuro ryose rizimya umuriro rishyirwa mu cyiciro cya AFFF.

Amwe mu mafimu ya AFFF arimo ubwoko bw'imiti izwi nkaimiti ikoreshwa mu gupima fluoro (PFCs)kandi ibi byazamuye impungenge ku bushobozi bwokwanduzwa kw'amazi yo mu butakaamasoko aturuka ku ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bya AFFF birimo PFC.

Muri Gicurasi 2000,Isosiyete ya 3Myavuze ko itazongera gukora flurosurfactants zishingiye kuri PFOS (perfluorooctanesulphonate) zikoresheje uburyo bwa electrochemical flouorination. Mbere y'ibi, PFC zikunze gukoreshwa mu ifuro ry'umuriro zari PFOS n'ibikomoka kuri yo.

AFFF izimya vuba inkongi z'umuriro, ariko zirimo PFAS, isobanura ibintu bya per- na polyfluoroalkyl. Ihumana rimwe na rimwe rya PFAS rituruka ku ikoreshwa ry'ifuro ry'umuriro. (Ifoto/Joint Base San Antonio)

INKURU ZIFITANYE ISANO

Dukurikije "ibisanzwe bishya" ku bikoresho bizimya umuriro

Uruzi rw'uburozi rw' 'ifuro ry'amayobera' hafi ya Detroit rwari PFAS - ariko se rwaturutse he?

Ifuro ry'umuriro rikoreshwa mu mahugurwa muri Conn. rishobora guteza ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima no ku bidukikije.

Mu myaka mike ishize, inganda zikora ifuro ry’umuriro zavuye kuri PFOS n’ibindi bikomoka kuri yo bitewe n’igitutu cy’amategeko. Abo bakinnyi bakoze kandi bazana ku isoko ifuro ry’umuriro ridakoresha imiti ihumanya ikirere, ni ukuvuga idafite fluorine.

Abakora ifuro ridafite fluorine bavuga ko izi furo zigira ingaruka nke ku bidukikije kandi ko zujuje ibisabwa n’amahanga ku bijyanye no kuzimya inkongi ndetse n’ibyo abakoresha bateganya. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, hakomeje kubaho impungenge ku bidukikije ku bijyanye n’ifuro rizimya inkongi kandi ubushakashatsi kuri iyi ngingo burakomeje.

UFITE IMPUNGENGE KU GUKORESHA IMPAMVU?

Impungenge zishingiye ku ngaruka mbi zishobora kubaho ku bidukikije bitewe no gusohora ifuro (kuvanga amazi n'ifuro). Ibibazo by'ingenzi ni uburozi, kwangirika kw'ibinyabuzima, kugumaho, kuvurwa mu nganda zitunganya amazi yanduye ndetse n'intungamubiri zuzuye mu butaka. Ibi byose ni impamvu y'impungenge iyo ifuro rigeze kusisitemu z'amazi karemano cyangwa mu ngo.

Iyo AFFF irimo PFC ikoreshejwe kenshi ahantu hamwe mu gihe kirekire, PFC zishobora kuva mu ifuro zijya mu butaka hanyuma zikajya mu butaka. Ingano ya PFC yinjira mu butaka bitewe n'ubwoko n'ingano ya AFFF yakoreshejwe, aho yakoreshejwe, ubwoko bw'ubutaka n'ibindi bintu.

Niba amariba y’abantu ku giti cyabo cyangwa aya leta ari hafi aho, ashobora kwangizwa na PFCs aho AFFF yakoreshejwe. Dore icyo Minisiteri y’Ubuzima ya Minnesota yasohoye; ni imwe muri leta nyinshigupima ubwandu.

“Mu 2008-2011, Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya umwanda muri Minnesota (MPCA) cyagerageje ubutaka, amazi yo hejuru, amazi yo munsi y’ubutaka, n’ibisigazwa by’amazi ahantu 13 hahurira AFFF hirya no hino muri iyo leta. Babonye ingano nini ya PFC muri bimwe mu bice, ariko akenshi umwanda ntabwo wagize ingaruka ku gace kanini cyangwa ngo ugire ingaruka ku bantu cyangwa ku bidukikije. Ahantu hatatu hagaragaye - Duluth Air National Guard Base, Bemidji Airport, na Western Area Fire Training Academy - aho PFC zari zarakwirakwiriye cyane ku buryo Minisiteri y’Ubuzima ya Minnesota na MPCA bahisemo kugerageza amariba yo guturamo ari hafi aho.

“Ibi birashoboka cyane ko biba hafi y’ahantu AFFF irimo PFC yakoreshejwe kenshi, nko mu duce two guhugura abazimya inkongi, ibibuga by’indege, inganda zitunganya imyanda, n’inganda zikora imiti. Ntabwo bishoboka cyane ko bibaho bitewe no gukoresha AFFF rimwe gusa mu kurwanya inkongi, keretse hakoreshejwe AFFF nyinshi. Nubwo hari ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe byo kuzimya inkongi bishobora gukoresha AFFF irimo PFC, gukoresha AFFF rimwe gusa nk’uko byari bisanzwe bishobora guteza akaga ku mazi yo mu butaka.”

GUSOHOKA IFUMU

Gusohora ifuro/amazi bishobora kuba ingaruka z'imwe cyangwa nyinshi muri izi ngingo zikurikira:

• Ibikorwa byo kuzimya inkongi n'intoki cyangwa gushyiramo ibikomoka kuri peteroli;
• Imyitozo yo guhugura aho ifuro rikoreshwa mu bihe bitandukanye;
• ibizamini by'ibikoresho by'ifuro n'ibinyabiziga; cyangwa
• Gusohora sisitemu byakosowe.

Ahantu kimwe cyangwa byinshi muri ibi byago byakunze kubera harimo indege n'ibigo by'amahugurwa ku bazimya umuriro. Ahantu hadasanzwe ho gushyira ibintu bishobora guteza akaga, nk'ububiko bw'ibikoresho bishobora gushya cyangwa biteza akaga, ububiko bw'amazi menshi ashobora gushya n'aho kubika imyanda ihumanya, nabyo biri ku rutonde.

Ni byiza cyane gukusanya ifuro nyuma yo kurikoresha mu kuzimya inkongi. Uretse igice cyaryo ubwacyo, ifuro rishobora kuba ryaranduye lisansi cyangwa ibicanwa biri mu nkongi. Ubu habayeho igikorwa gisanzwe cy’ibintu biteza akaga.

Ingamba zo gukumira amazi yamenetse hakoreshejwe intoki zigomba gukoreshwa mu gihe imiterere n'ubushobozi bw'abakozi bemewe. Harimo kuziba imiyoboro y'amazi kugira ngo hirindwe ko ifuro/amazi yanduye yinjira mu miyoboro y'amazi yanduye cyangwa ibidukikije bidasuzumwe.

Amayeri yo kwirwanaho nko gutera imiyoboro, gucukura no kuyobya inzira agomba gukoreshwa kugira ngo ifuro/amazi bigere ahantu hakwiriye gufungirwa kugeza igihe bizakurwaho n'umukozi ushinzwe gusukura ibikoresho byangiza.

AMAHUGURWA UFASHE FOAM

Hari ifuro ryihariye ritangwa n’inganda nyinshi zikora ifuro, rikamera nk’iry’ifuro mu gihe cyo gukora imyitozo, ariko ntiririmo ifuro risanzwe nka PFC. Ubusanzwe ifuro ry’imyitozo rishobora kwangirika kandi rikangiza ibidukikije; rishobora no koherezwa mu ruganda rutunganya amazi yanduye rwo mu gace runaka kugira ngo ritunganywe.

Kuba nta furo ikoreshwa mu gukaraba bivuze ko iyo furo ifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda gutwika inyuma. Urugero, furo ikoreshwa mu gukaraba rizatanga uruzitiro rw'umwuka mu muriro w'amazi ashobora gushya bigatuma uzimira, ariko ubwo buriri bw'ifuro buzashira vuba.

Ibyo ni byiza ukurikije uko umwarimu abibona kuko bivuze ko ushobora gukora imyitozo myinshi kuko wowe n'abanyeshuri bawe mutarindiriye ko igikoresho cyo gutoza cyongera kwitegura gushya.

Imyitozo yo guhugura, cyane cyane ikoresha ifuro ry’umwimerere, igomba kuba irimo uburyo bwo gukusanya ifuro ryakoreshejwe. Nibura, ibigo bihugura abazimya inkongi bigomba kuba bifite ubushobozi bwo gukusanya ifuro rikoreshwa mu mahugurwa yo kujugunya mu kigo gisukura amazi yanduye.

Mbere yo gusezererwa, ikigo gitunganya amazi yanduye kigomba kumenyeshwa kandi ishami rishinzwe kuzimya umuriro rigahabwa uburenganzira bwo kurekurwa ku giciro cyagenwe.

Nta gushidikanya ko iterambere rya sisitemu zo gukurura ifuro rya Class A (ndetse wenda na chemistry y’ibikoresho) rizakomeza gutera imbere nkuko byagenze mu myaka icumi ishize. Ariko ku bijyanye n’ibice bya Class B foam, imbaraga zo guteza imbere chemistry y’ibikoresho zisa n’aho zahagaze mu gihe bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga ryari risanzweho.

Kuva aho amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije ashyiriweho mu myaka icumi ishize, abakora ifuro ryo kuzimya umuriro bafatiye uburemere iki kibazo cyo guteza imbere ibidukikije. Bimwe muri ibyo bicuruzwa bidafite fluorine ni ibyo mu gisekuru cya mbere, ibindi bikaba ari ibyo mu gisekuru cya kabiri cyangwa icya gatatu.

Bazakomeza gutera imbere haba mu mikorere y’ibinyabutabire ndetse no mu kuzimya inkongi hagamijwe kugera ku musaruro mwiza ku bintu bishobora gushya n’ibishobora gushya, kunoza ubudahangarwa bwo gutwika kugira ngo habeho umutekano ku bazimya inkongi no gutanga imyaka myinshi yo kumara igihe kinini hejuru y’ifuro rikomoka kuri poroteyine.